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Alexander del Mar, also Alex Delmar (1836–1926), was an American political economist, historian, numismatist and author.〔 In business affairs he was frequently referred to in contemporary reports and newspapers as Delmar; however, many of his published works appeared under the name of del Mar. He sometimes appended the letters C.E. and/or M.E. (respectively "Civil Engineer" and "Mining Engineer") to his name.〕 He was the first director of the Bureau of Statistics at the U.S. Treasury Department from 1866–69. 〔The US Treasury Department's Bureau of Statistics (1866–1903) should not be confused with the Bureau of Statistics of the US State Department (1874–1897). The two were eventually merged in 1903 under the Department of Commerce and Labor. See (【引用サイトリンク】title=Records of the Bureau of Economic Analysis )〕 Del Mar was a rigorous historian who made important contributions to the history of money. During the mid-1890s, he was distinctly hostile to a central monetary role for gold as a commodity money, championing the cause of silver and its re-monetization as a prerogative of the state. He believed strongly in the legal function of money. Del Mar dedicated much of his free time to original research in the great libraries and coin collections of Europe on the history of monetary systems and finance. ==Biography== Alexander del Mar, of Jewish-Spanish descent, was born in New York City, August 9, 1836 as oldest son of Jacob and Belvidere Alexander del Mar. He lived for a short period of time in the United Kingdom with his uncle Emanuel del Mar and there received an education in humanities from a private tutor, Arthur Helps (later knighted, becoming Sir Arthur Helps). He was instructed in history, literature, law, and political economy. After graduating from New York University as a civil engineer, he was educated as a mining engineer in Spain at the Madrid School of Mines. Aged 18, he returned to the U.S. in 1854 to become the financial editor of the short-lived ''Daily American Times''. He moved to ''Hunt's Merchant's Magazine'' in 1860, and in 1863 co-founded and edited with Simon Stern the prestigious quarterly ''New York Social Science Review'' (first published in January 1865). He was also involved with the Commercial and Financial Chronicle, founded in 1865 by William Dana. In 1865, Del Mar, a notorious Free Trader, helped establish the first Free Trade organization in the United States, the American Free Trade League (AFTL), alongside Horace White, William Lloyd Garrison, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, among others. In 1866 del Mar was appointed as the first director of US Treasury Department's Bureau of Statistics (now part of the Bureau of Economic Analysis).〔 At the time the bureau was a board of trade, with executive functions, among others the supervision of the commissioners of mines, commerce, immigration, etc. Del Mar pioneered the use of a modern and scientific approach to statistics. He remained director until 1869, overseeing numerous reports.〔〔del Mar, Alexander. ''Report of the Director of the Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department on the present progress of ship-building in the United States''. (1867) Washington: Government Printing Office.〕〔''Monthly statistical reports on commerce, navigation, trade, resources &c. of the various countries of the world''. Washington: Government Press.〕〔''Annual report on the commerce and navigation of the USA'' 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868. Washington: Government Press.〕 He was forced to resign by his superior, David Ames Wells, and was replaced by Francis Amasa Walker. Both were ardent supporters of specie money and opposed to del Mar's convictions of fiat money.〔Tavlas, George S. (2004) ''Academic exclusion: the case of Alexander del Mar''. European Journal of Political Economy, 20, 1, Amsterdam (The Netherlands)〕 In 1866 he was appointed the American delegate to the International Monetary Congress which met in Turin, Italy.〔 During the close-fought 1868 presidential election he was nominated for Secretary of the Treasury under Horatio Seymour's Democratic ticket. In 1869 he purchased the Washington-based ''National Intelligencer'', merged it with the ''Washington Express'' and moved its offices to New York in January 1870. It later became the New York ''City and National Intelligencer'' which he edited and published until 1872. He ran under Horace Greeley's ticket for Secretary of the Treasury during the United States presidential election, 1872. The coalition between the Democrats and Greeley's Liberal Republican Party was soundly defeated, and the LRP ceased to exist shortly after. In the same year del Mar represented the United States at the international monetary congress in St. Petersburg, Russia. In 1877 del Mar was appointed mining commissioner to the U.S. Monetary Commission.〔 This commission was created by Congress in 1876 when it discovered the subterfuge that led to the Panic of 1873. It was charged to investigate: ''First''. Into the change which has taken place in the relative value of gold and silver; the causes thereof, whether permanent or otherwise; the effects thereof upon trade, commerce, finance, and the productive interests of the country, and upon the standard of value in this and foreign countries; ''Second''. Into the policy of the restoration of the double standard in this country; and, if restored, what the legal relation between the two coins, silver and gold, should be; ''Third''. Into the policy of continuing legal-tender notes concurrently with the metallic standards, and the effects thereof upon the labor, industries, and wealth of the country; and ''Fourth''. Into the best means for providing for facilitating the resumption of specie payments.〔Although the commission reported unfavourably on the switch to the ''de facto'' gold standard and recommended a return to silver, gold's status as a reserve currency was to remain unchallenged until the 1930s. In 1878, Del Mar was appointed as clerk to the United States House Committee on Expenditures in the Navy Department. In 1878, Del Mar also wrote a series of letters under the Chinese pseudonym "Kwang Chang Ling" in the San Francisco ''Argonaut'' journal. The letters warned Californians, and the broader United States, that China had the potential to rise as an economic giant. Del Mar, as Kwang Chang Ling, argued that excluding cheap Chinese labor to protect American wages and lessen unemployment would do little to protect American laborers in the long term, for China's labor force would continue to pose a global economic threat despite national policies. Del Mar's writings are the first known attempt to use Free Trade rhetoric as a solution to the "Chinese Question" and to counter anti-Chinese attitudes that led to the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act. In 1879 he published his ''History of the Precious Metals'', the labor of twenty-two years of research during his own free time. From 1880 onwards he mainly devoted his professional career to writing. In 1881, he published ''A History of Money in Ancient States'', in 1885 ''Money and Civilization'', in 1889 ''The Science of Money'', in 1895, ''A History of Monetary Systems in Modern States'', in 1899 ''A History of Monetary Crimes'', in 1900 ''A History of Money in America'', in 1903 ''A History of Monetary Systems of France''. Del Mar also published several archaeological treatises of great interest. Del Mar was the New York state chairman of the Silver Party, and spoke at its 1896 Chicago meeting in support of William Jennings Bryan. He was editor-in-chief of the American Banker, 1905–1906. Upon his death, he donated his private library of 15,000 volumes to the American Bankers Association. Alexander del Mar died in 1926 at the age of ninety. Del Mar received no scientific or academic recognition from contemporaries, and as a result of this his prescient views were totally excluded from the history of economics.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Alexander del Mar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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